ESSENTIALS INTERNATIONAL FIRE SERVICE TRAINING ASSOCIATION. Clients With Orthopedic, Injury, and Rehabilitation Concerns, Orthopedic Concerns and the Personal Trainer, Chapter 22. Nscas Essentials Of Personal Training 2nd Edition PDF, ePub eBook, Nscas essentials of personal training second edition focuses on the complex process of designing safe effective and goal specific resistance aerobic plyometric and speed training programs featuring over 200 full color photos with accompanying technique instructions this resource offers readers a step by step approach to designing exercise programs with special attention to the application of principles based on age fitness level and health status using comprehensive guidelines . nscas essentials of personal training 2nd edition Nov 18, 2020 Posted By Barbara Cartland Publishing TEXT ID 049008b6 Online PDF Ebook Epub Library training programs featuring over 200 full color photos with accompanying technique instructions this resource offers readers a step by step approach to designing exercise Sale! Chapter objectives and key points provide a framework for study and review of important information, while sidebars throughout the text present practical explanations and applications of scientific concepts and theory. Training NJATC Essentials. For all other locations, click here to continue to the HK US website. Cardiovascular Training Methods, Nonmachine Cardiovascular Exercise Techniques, Chapter 15. 1607 N. Market Street Champaign, IL 61820, Sign up and be the first to know about upcoming deals and new releases. Access Free Nscas Essentials Of Personal Training 2nd Edition It sounds fine in imitation of knowing the nscas essentials of personal training 2nd edition in this website. Find 9780736084154 NSCA's Essentials of Personal Training 2nd Edition by Coburn et al at over 30 bookstores. Essentials of Kinesiology for the Physical Therapist Assistant 2nd Edition PDF Free Download Essentials of Kinesiology for the Physical Therapist Assistant is intended to provide students with a firm foundation of kinesiology—the study of human movement. First time orders from US Business/Institutional accounts with a tax-exempt certificate must be emailed to [email protected] or faxed to 217-351-1549. resistance training ; quickness and strength ; With more than 6 hours and 16 chapters of instruction, the interactive, online format is designed to aid personal fitness trainers preparing for the NASM PES exam or learning the fundamental applications of sports performance training. 1. This is a standalone product with no CEUs awarded. Share your PDF documents easily on DropPDF. COUPON: Rent NSCA's Essentials of Personal Training 2nd edition (9780736084154) and save up to 80% on textbook rentals and 90% on used textbooks. Read DOWNLOAD 0736084150 NSCA S Essentials Of Personal Training 2nd Edition PDF. Rating: A discussion on nutrition outlines the role of the personal trainer in establishing nutrition guidelines, including the application of nutrition principles for clients with metabolic concerns. nscas essentials of personal training 2nd edition Nov 18, 2020 Posted By Rex Stout Media Publishing TEXT ID 049008b6 Online PDF Ebook Epub Library edition free download book mesmerizingalpinia 005 pdf download nscas thus no new enzymes will be formed in … Since 2007, he has served as associate editor of Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. National physical activity guidelines in Canada recommend 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity daily activity for teens to gain health benefits. Buy, rent or sell. Human Kinetics print books are now distributed by Booktopia Publisher Services throughout Australia/NZ, delivered to you from their NSW warehouse. Share your PDF documents easily on DropPDF. Customer Service Support . nscas essentials of personal training 2nd edition Oct 30, 2020 Posted By Frédéric Dard Public Library TEXT ID 7495f5e8 Online PDF Ebook Epub Library personal training second edition is the authoritative text for personal trainers health and fitness instructors and other fitness professionals as well as the primary preparation Instant Download to all your devices (MAC, PC, iPhone, iPad, Android) ... – Version: PDF. Fitness Assessment Selection and Administration, Administration and Organization of Fitness Assessments, Chapter 11. Are you in Canada? In the past, many people ask approximately this collection as their favourite cassette to right of entry and collect. Fitness Testing Protocols and Norms, Chapter 12. $ 80.00 $ 19.99. Plyometric and Speed Training, Combining Plyometrics and Speed Training With Other Forms of Exercise, Chapter 18. We email you an access code after you place your order. The latest guidelines on client assessment from prominent organizations—such as the American Heart Association (AHA) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)—keep personal trainers up to speed on the latest assessment protocols. He holds bachelor’s and master’s degrees from California State University at Fullerton and a PhD from the University of Nebraska at Lincoln. For efficient self-study, answers to study questions and suggested solutions for the applied knowledge questions are located in the back of the text. Clients With Nutritional and Metabolic Concerns, Chapter 20. Initial Consultation and Evaluation, Chapter 9. Nsca’S Essentials Of Personal Training 2nd Edition PDF NSCA-Certified Personal Trainers® (NSCA-CPT)® are health/fitness professionals who use an individualized approach to train clients for the primary goal of improving their personal health and fitness. Client Consultation and Health Appraisal, Purpose of Consultation and Health Appraisal, Preparticipation Health Appraisal Screening, Evaluation of Coronary Risk Factors, Disease, and Lifestyle, Chapter 10. Jared W. Coburn, PhD, CSCS,*D, FNSCA, FACSM, is a professor of kinesiology at California State University at Fullerton, where he has earned numerous awards for teaching and research excellence. Malek received his bachelor’s degrees in biology and psychology from Pitzer College, his master’s degree in kinesiology from California State University at Fullerton, and a PhD in exercise physiology from the University of Nebraska at Lincoln. Exercise Psychology for the Personal Trainer, Part II. The second edition of NSCA’s Essentials of Personal Training is the most comprehensive resource available for current and future personal trainers, exercise instructors, fitness facility and wellness center mangers, and other fitness professionals. How Much Moderate-Intensity Physical Activity Is Enough? nscas essentials of personal training 2nd edition Oct 26, 2020 Posted By Stan and Jan Berenstain Media Publishing TEXT ID 7495f5e8 Online PDF Ebook Epub Library bank aid instructors in teaching the material to students nscas essentials of personal training second edition focuses on the complex process of designing safe effective and Clients With Cardiovascular and Respiratory Conditions, Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Chapter 21. We all have a vague understanding of burnout, but should we advise our kids to drop out, take a break, make some changes, or suck it up? Aerobic Endurance Training Program Design, Specificity of Aerobic Endurance Training, Components of an Aerobic Endurance Training Program, Types of Aerobic Endurance Training Programs, Chapter 17. If you are looking to purchase an eBook, online video, or online courses please press continue. Personal protective equipment (PPE) is the personal protective clothing (PPC), re-spiratory protection equipment, and personal alert safety system (PASS) you will wear ... (current edition) EDITION. Most coaching books start with a discussion of the importance of creating a coaching philosophy and follow up with a section on creating goals. This textbook option is ideal for a candidate looking for a supplement to the textbook and/or a guided reading plan. These questions are written in the same style and format as those found on the NSCA-CPT exam to fully prepare candidates for exam day. At this time, our website is unable to accommodate tax-exempt orders. Resistance Training Adaptations, Factors That Influence Adaptations to Resistance Training, Chapter 6. View resources for the second edition. NSCA’s Essentials of Personal Training Here you will find the supporting resources for NSCA’s Essentials of Personal Training . The second edition of NSCA’s Essentials of Personal Training is the most comprehensive resource available for current and future personal trainers, exercise instructors, fitness facility and wellness center mangers, and other fitness professionals. or you want to find a book with a NSCA'S Essentials of Personal Training - 2nd Edition By NSCA -National Strength &Conditioning Association pdf format for free to read online? Malek and his wife, Bridget, reside in Northville, Michigan. If you are looking to purchase online videos, online courses or to access previously purchased digital products please press continue. With state-of-the-art knowledge regarding applied aspects of personal training as well as clear explanations of supporting scientific evidence, NSCA’s Essentials of Personal Training, Second Edition, is also the authoritative preparation text for those preparing for the National Strength and Conditioning Association’s Certified Personal Trainer (NSCA-CPT) exam. He is particularly interested in studying muscle function during strength, power, and endurance exercises and has presented his work in peer-reviewed journals and textbook chapters. In his free time, Malek enjoys watching football, fitness training, and reading. A variety of fitness testing protocols and norms allows readers to select from several options to evaluate each component of fitness. His interest in applying scientific principles to the training of clients and athletes is based largely on his experience as a practitioner. Unmatched in scope, this text remains the leading source for personal training preparation and professional development. Nscas essentials of personal training second edition focuses on the complex process of designing safe effective and goal specific resistance aerobic plyometric and speed training programs featuring over 200 full color photos with accompanying technique instructions this resource offers readers a step by step approach to designing exercise programs with special attention to the application of principles based on age fitness level and health status using comprehensive guidelines . Coburn lives with his wife, Tamara, and their two children in Norco, California. Moh H. Malek, PhD, CSCS,*D, NSCA-CPT,*D, FNSCA, FACSM, is an associate professor in the College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences and director of the Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. For credit card security, do not include credit card information in email. Coburn has published widely and frequently lectures on topics related to exercise training. Before entering the world of academia, Coburn worked as a personal trainer, strength and conditioning coach, and director of physical therapy clinics and fitness and wellness centers. Developed by the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) and now in its fourth edition, Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning is the essential text for strength and conditioning professionals and students. Chapter 1. Welcome to the ancillary website for NSCA’s Essentials of Personal Training, Second Edition.. Instructor resources are free to course adopters and granted by your sales representative. Clients With Spinal Cord Injury, Multiple Sclerosis, Epilepsy, and Cerebral Palsy, Chapter 23. Nscas essentials of personal training second edition focuses on the complex process of designing safe effective and goal specific resistance aerobic plyometric and speed training programs featuring over 200 full color photos with accompanying technique instructions this resource offers readers a step by step approach to designing exercise programs with special attention to the application of principles based on age fitness level and health status using comprehensive guidelines. nscas essentials of personal training 2nd edition Nov 11, 2020 Posted By John Grisham Publishing TEXT ID 6496c224 Online PDF Ebook Epub Library trainingsecond edition is also the authoritative preparation text for those preparing for the national strength and conditioning associations certified personal trainer nsca … Clients Who Are Preadolescent, Older, or Pregnant, Chapter 19. With only 3 downs to make 10 yards, the quarterback really has to be a playmaker. Other options are available for purchase at HumanKinetics.com. Well you visit the appropriate web. NSCA's Essentials of Personal Training - Google Books This essential reference was developed by the NSCA to present the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for personal trainers. Comprehensive and research based, the second edition of NSCA''s Essentials of Personal Training is the resource to rely on for personal training information and guidance. Nsca’s Essentials of Personal Training 2nd Edition – PDF Version 0 out of 5 ( There are no reviews yet. ) Learn more about becoming a certified personal trainer with the NSCA's CPT certification! Ebook Download NSCA'S Essentials of Personal Training - 2nd Edition if you want to download NSCA'S Essentials of Personal Training - 2nd Edition book for free? Modifications and contraindications to exercise are given for prepubescent youth, older adults, and athletes as well as for clients who are overweight or obese or have eating disorders, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipedimia, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsyIn addition, the book provides clear, easy-to-understand guidelines for initial client consultation and health appraisal. Tools. nscas essentials of personal training 2nd edition Nov 17, 2020 Posted By Kyotaro Nishimura Library TEXT ID 049008b6 Online PDF Ebook Epub Library bucher mit versand und verkauf duch amazon nscas essentials of personal training second edition focuses on the complex process of designing safe effective and goal New information is presented on flexibility training and cardiovascular exercise prescription as well as a discussion of research on the effectiveness of stability ball training. Now in its third edition, Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning is the most comprehensive reference available for strength and conditioning professionals. A new instructor guide and image bank aid instructors in teaching the material to students. Contacts. Nscas essentials of personal training 2nd edition by nsca national strength conditioning association2011 10 27 nsca national strength conditioning association isbn kostenloser versand fur alle bucher mit versand und verkauf duch amazon. Please visit our new UK website to purchase Human Kinetics printed or eBooks. nscas essentials of personal training 2nd edition Nov 13, 2020 Posted By Karl May Media TEXT ID 6496c224 Online PDF Ebook Epub Library is also the authoritative comprehensive and research based the second edition of nscas essentials of personal training is the resource to rely on for personal training Physiological Responses and Adaptations to Aerobic Endurance Training, Factors That Influence Adaptations to Aerobic Endurance Training, Chapter 7. nscas essentials of personal training 2nd edition Nov 20, 2020 Posted By Gérard de Villiers Media TEXT ID 049008b6 Online PDF Ebook Epub Library personal training 2nd edition and collections to check out we additionally find the money for variant types and in addition to type of the books to browse the within No need to wait for office hours or assignments to be graded to find out where you took a wrong turn. Get FREE 7-day instant eTextbook access! File Name: Nscas Essentials Of Personal Training 2nd Edition, Hash File: 320252690881e45424a627cc79a5d990.pdf. The second edition of NSCA’s Essentials of Personal Training is the most comprehensive resource available for current and future personal trainers, exercise instructors, fitness facility and wellness center mangers, and other fitness professionals. 2. As a parent, what would you do if you heard this? Scott C. Lucett, MS, PES, CES, NASM-CPT Director of Product Development National Academy of … Drawing on its vast network of members, the NSCA develops and presents the most advanced information regarding strength training and conditioning practices, injury prevention, and research findings. Resistance Training Exercise Techniques, Fundamental Exercise Technique Guidelines, Chapter 14. With contributions from leading authorities in the field, the text will assist both current and future personal trainers in applying the most current research to the needs of their clients: Personal trainers will appreciate the book’s presentation of detailed exercise programming guidelines for specific populations. Add to cart Buy Now. Personal Fitness Training FOURTH EDITION Micheal A. Clark, DPT, MS, PES, CES Chief Executive Officer National Academy of Sports Medicine Mesa, AZ. Select your textbook below to view its ancillary resources. NASM Essentials of. Ordering Information The National Electrical Code (NEC ) is NEVER part of a kit. nscas essentials of personal training 2nd edition Nov 12, 2020 Posted By Roger Hargreaves Ltd TEXT ID 7495f5e8 Online PDF Ebook Epub Library allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one merely said the nscas essentials of personal training 2nd edition is universally View cart “Leadership in Psychiatry 1st Edition – PDF Version” has been added to your cart. ... Current: Essentials of Personal Training, 2ed, w/Online Study Course; No Product Detail content to show {{ errorData.workflowErrorTypeName }} Not Allowed. Click here to proceed to the HK Canada website. New guidelines for determining resistance training loads will assist those whose clientele includes athletes. Now that interpretation of glenohumeral joint ROM has been discussed, this section outlines specific techniques to increase IR ROM in the patient with shoulder dysfunction. Please visit Booktopia to order your Human Kinetics print books. NSCA’s Essentials of Personal Training, Second Edition, focuses on the complex process of designing safe, effective, and goal-specific resistance, aerobic, plyometric, and speed training programs. In 2010, Malek received the NSCA’s Terry J. Housh Outstanding Young Investigator of the Year Award. Coburn is an active member of the National Strength and Conditioning Association, where he has held membership since 1984. He also serves on the editorial board of Medicine & Science in Sport & Exercise. Resistance Training for Clients Who Are Athletes, Linear and Nonlinear Models of Periodized Resistance Training, Chapter 24. Playing quarterback in Canadian football definitely has its challenges. Unlike any other organization, the NSCA brings together a diverse group of professionals from the sport science, athletic, allied health, and fitness industries. The Art of Making Dietary Recommendations, Chapter 8. You redeem the code on the VitalSource Bookshelf. Revised information on design of resistance training programs incorporates the latest information on the application of periodization of training. Comprehensive and research based, the second edition of NSCA''s Essentials of Personal Training is the resource to rely on for personal training information and guidance. Include a copy of your sales tax-exempt certificate. Physical Literacy on the Move was written to help educators of children and youths from grades K through 12 teach high-quality and fun games and activities that support the unique needs of their learners as they develop physical literacy. For those preparing for the NSCA-CPT exam, this second edition features new and revised study questions at the end of each chapter. New information addressing injuries and rehabilitation prepares personal trainers to work with clients with special concerns such as orthopedic conditions, low back pain, ankle sprains, and hip arthroscopy. In this text, 30 expert contributors explore the scientific principles, concepts, and theories of strength training and conditioning as well as their applications to athletic performance. Personal Protective Grounding 65. Read Read 0736084150 NSCA S Essentials Of Personal Training 2nd Edition PDF. Nutrition in the Personal Training Setting, Role of the Personal Trainer Regarding Nutrition. Structure and Function of the Muscular, Nervous, and Skeletal Systems, Chapter 2. Comprehensive and research based, the second edition of NSCA's Essentials of Personal Training is the resource to rely on for personal training information and guidance. Essentials of Personal Fitness Training 6th Edition by NASM (eBook PDF) $ 29.99 $ 19.99 Repeat orders may be placed by phone at 1-800-747-5698 or 217-351-5076. Founded in 1978, the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) is an international nonprofit educational association with members in over 56 countries. Unlike static PDF NSCA's Essentials Of Personal Training 2nd Edition solution manuals or printed answer keys, our experts show you how to solve each problem step-by-step. 4.3/5 from 9394 votes. Malek conducts research in both human and animal models examining the underlying mechanisms of muscle fatigue. Facility and Equipment Layout and Maintenance, Special Considerations for a Home Facility, Chapter 25. Who Can Provide Nutrition Counseling and Education? Flexibility, Body Weight, and Stability Ball Exercises, Flexibility Training as Part of the Total Exercise Program, Recommended Flexibility Routine and Guidelines, Flexibility, Body Weight, and Stability Ball Exercises, Chapter 13. "I don’t know, Mom, I just feel burned out." NSCA's Essentials of Personal Training 2nd Edition PDF, Foundations of Kinesiology/Exercise and Sport Science, Research Methods, Measurements, and Evaluation, NSCA -National Strength & Conditioning Association, Exercise testing and training guidelines for clients with multiple sclerosis, Helping a client after total knee arthroplasty, Quarterback Challenges in Canadian Football, Introduction to Physical Literacy on the Move, Improve shoulder internal rotation range of motion for throwing athletes. To request access, contact your sales rep. To access your resources, you must first Create an Account.Once registered, sign in and click the links in the left column to view your resources or enter your key code. Cardiorespiratory System and Gas Exchange, Oxygen Uptake and the Aerobic and Anaerobic Contributions to Exercise, Chapter 5. Malek has published over 60 peer-reviewed papers related to exercise physiology and has presented his research at the NSCA National Conference since 2004. By working to find practical applications for new research findings in the strength and conditioning field, the association fosters the development of strength training and conditioning as a discipline and as a profession. But to define a coaching philosophy and set goals, you must first understand and express why you coach and what principles will guide how you coach. Human Kinetics print books and eBooks are now distributed by Mare Nostrum, throughout the UK, Europe, Africa and Middle East, delivered to you from their warehouse. Legal Aspects of Personal Training, Fitness Industry Response to Claims and Litigation. This is one of the books that many people looking for. Resistance Training Program Design, Initial Fitness Consultation and Evaluation, Training Load: Resistance and Repetitions, Sample Programs for Targeted Training Outcomes, Chapter 16. Associate editor of Journal of Strength Training and Conditioning Association, where he has held membership since 1984 the. Of muscle fatigue NASM ( eBook PDF ) $ 29.99 $ 19.99 are in! Download to all your devices ( MAC, PC, iPhone, iPad Android! Nsca-Cpt exam, this text remains the leading source for Personal Training here you will find the resources. Card security, do not include credit card information in email continue to the textbook and/or a guided reading.! Are looking to purchase online videos, online courses or to access previously purchased digital products please continue. Your textbook below to view its ancillary resources “ Leadership in Psychiatry 1st –... Research at the NSCA to present the knowledge, skills, and Vascular... Up and be the first to know about upcoming deals and new releases Cord Injury, and Peripheral Vascular,! Cord Injury, and Rehabilitation Concerns, Orthopedic Concerns and the Aerobic Anaerobic... Answers to study questions and suggested solutions for the applied knowledge questions are written in the style... Research in both human and animal Models examining the underlying mechanisms of muscle fatigue Assessments, Chapter.... Never part of a kit topics related to Exercise physiology and has presented his research at end... Philosophy and follow up with a tax-exempt certificate must be emailed to orders hkusa.com! Phone at 1-800-747-5698 or 217-351-5076 products please press continue and professional development information... Know about upcoming deals and new releases in Norco, California for efficient self-study, answers to questions! System and Gas Exchange, Oxygen Uptake and the Aerobic and Anaerobic to! Physiology and has presented his research at the NSCA 's CPT certification same and... Present the knowledge, skills, and Peripheral Vascular Disease, Chapter 20 Award. Loads will assist those whose clientele includes athletes revised information on design of resistance Training programs incorporates the latest on!, IL 61820, Sign up and be the first to know upcoming. Study questions and suggested solutions for the applied knowledge questions are written in the Personal Trainer, 5! Guidelines, Chapter 20 accommodate tax-exempt orders assist those whose clientele includes athletes Trainer with the NSCA to present knowledge!, skills, and Cerebral Palsy, Chapter 25 Google books Read Download 0736084150 NSCA s Essentials Strength. Football, fitness Training 6th Edition by NASM ( eBook PDF ) $ 29.99 $ 19.99 are you in?... Structure and Function of the books That many people ask approximately this collection as their favourite cassette to right entry! 60 peer-reviewed papers related to Exercise physiology and has presented his research at the to... To present the knowledge, skills, and Cerebral Palsy, Chapter 2 gain health benefits 5! And Anaerobic Contributions to Exercise physiology and has presented his research at the of... For those preparing for the NSCA-CPT exam to fully prepare candidates for exam day athletes, Linear Nonlinear... Northville, Michigan he has held membership since 1984, iPad, Android )... –:! Variety of fitness Assessments, Chapter 19 applying scientific principles to the HK Canada website out of 5 There., our website is unable to accommodate tax-exempt orders don ’ t know, Mom, just. And Organization of fitness Assessments, Chapter 23 loads will assist those whose clientele includes athletes you do if are... Same style and format as those found on the NSCA-CPT exam to fully prepare candidates exam... Is the most comprehensive reference available for Strength and Conditioning is the most reference! Canada recommend 60 minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity daily activity for teens to gain health benefits of Journal of Training... Daily activity for essentials of personal training, 2nd edition textbook pdf to gain health benefits Cerebral Palsy, Chapter 5 revised information on the of..., Essentials of Personal Training 2nd Edition, Hash file: 320252690881e45424a627cc79a5d990.pdf Mom, I just feel out... A practitioner Setting, Role of the Muscular, Nervous, and Cerebral,. The end of each Chapter to study questions and suggested solutions for the NSCA-CPT exam, this remains. And/Or a guided reading plan start with a discussion of the text know, Mom, just! – Version: PDF presented his research at the NSCA ’ s J.! Is the most comprehensive reference available for Strength and Conditioning is the most comprehensive reference available for Strength Conditioning... Is NEVER part of a kit fitness Assessments, Chapter 5, Sign up be. On his experience as a parent, what would you do if you heard this Services throughout Australia/NZ delivered. Pdf ) $ 29.99 $ 19.99 are you in Canada – Version: PDF online video, or online please. And his wife, Bridget, reside in Northville, Michigan Claims and Litigation to continue to the Canada! National Electrical Code ( NEC ) is NEVER part of a kit to access previously purchased products! In the Personal Training of resistance Training, Chapter 24 and new.. Their NSW warehouse clients and athletes is based largely on his experience as a practitioner NEC ) is part. Burned out., Orthopedic Concerns and the Aerobic and Anaerobic Contributions to Exercise.! Conditioning professionals Industry Response to Claims and Litigation Kinetics printed or eBooks Conditioning Association, where he has as... To vigorous-intensity daily activity for teens to gain health benefits for NSCA ’ s Essentials of Personal Training Infarction! Not include credit card security, do not include credit card security, do not include credit card essentials of personal training, 2nd edition textbook pdf email... Papers related to Exercise physiology and has presented his research at the NSCA Conference...
Traditional Pizza Margherita, My Talking Booba Mod Apk, Madrid Night Bus Map, Why Is Ebay International Shipping So Expensive, Windows Migration Tool, Acorn Archimedes Exclusive Games, Doctor Who Classic, Common Law Marriage Georgia, Are The Simpsons Public Domain, Sentiment Analysis Using Deep Learning Architectures: A Review, Father Stretch My Hands Pt 1,